BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//chikkutakku.com//RDFCal 1.0//EN X-WR-CALDESC:GoogleカレンダーやiCalendar形式情報を共有シェ アしましょう。近所のイベントから全国のイベントま で今日のイベント検索やスケジュールを決めるならち っくたっく X-WR-CALNAME:ちっくたっく X-WR-TIMEZONE:UTC BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Salaried Fire Department Established Cincinnati\, OH (1853) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260401T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260402T040000Z UID:965685642135 DESCRIPTION:By the 1700s\, independent volunteer fire companies began rece iving payment for their services from the insurance company or the propert y owner. Property owners displayed fire markers outside the building to in dicate that they were insured\; in some cases\, no marker meant no effort would be made to fight the fire. In other cases\, only the first arriving companies got paid\, which led to fierce competition. Volunteers sabotaged each other's equipment and fought off later-arriving companies\, often us ing fire-fighting equipment as weapons. Often\, the building burned down w hile the firemen brawled.\nFire Department Orgination.\nEarly in 1853 the Cincinnati\, Ohio\, Fire Department Committee formulated a plan that would entirely change the way fires were fought in America. To end the frequent ly violent competition between companies\, the plan called for full-time\, paid city employees to fight fires using a horse-drawn steam engine. The steam pumper would allow four or five men to spray more water on a fire th an hundreds of volunteers using hand pumpers. The City Council on 16 March 1853 authorized the plan and the creation of a Fire Department\, effectiv e 1 April.\n\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Colerain Fire DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260404T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260405T040000Z UID:250209181321 DESCRIPTION:On Friday\, April 4\, 2008\, Captain Robin Broxterman\, 37-yea rs-old\, a 17-year veteran career firefighter and paramedic\, and Firefigh ter Brian Schira\, 29-years-old\, a six-month probationary\, part-time fir efighter and Emergency Medical Technician with Colerain Township (Ohio) Fi re & EMS died in the Line of Duty after the floor they were on collapsed i nto the burning basement at that dwelling fire. Critical findings are comp leting a 360. There was a walk-out basement.\n\nhttp://m.fox19.com/story/ 37875881/colerain-remembers-two-fallen-firefighters\n\nhttp://www.colerain .org/department/fire/lodd/\n\nhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/reports/face20 0809.html\n\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Grandcamp Plant Explosion Texas City\, TX (1947) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260416T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260417T040000Z UID:100829745195 DESCRIPTION:Texas City\, on the southwestern shore of Galveston Bay seven miles from Galveston and eleven miles from the Gulf of Mexico in Galveston County\, is a deepwater port on the mainland. Texas City became the site of the worst industrial catastrophe in United States history. When two Lib erty merchant ships\, the SS Grandcamp and SS High Flyer\, carrying ammoni um nitrate fertilizer exploded on the 16 and 17 April 1947.\nOn the mornin g of 16 April 1947\, just before 8:00am\, longshoremen removed the hatch c overs on Hold 4 of the French Liberty ship SS Grandcamp to finish loading a cargo of ammonium nitrate fertilizer\; some 2\,300 tons were already on board\, 880 of which were in the lower part of Hold 4.1 Shortly thereafter smoke was reported and began to billow from the hold\; the longshoreman w ere ordered out of the hold after their attempts to extinguish the fire fa iled. The first officer ordered that no water be used to fight the fire\, although the ship’s fire hoses were available and the ship’s fire pump was operating. Instead the first officer ordered steam introduced into th e hold in an attempt to smother the fire.2 By 8:30am the pressure from the compressed steam blew off the hatch covers\, and a thick column of orange smoke billowed out. The smoke and fire began to attract onlookers and the fire department was called. The twenty-eight men of the Texas City Fire D epartment arrived and began fighting the fire. At about 9:00am flames spew ed from the open hatches\; at 9:12am the SS Grandcamp detonated in a massi ve explosion felt a hundred miles away at Port Arthur. Massive clouds of b lack smoke mushroomed into the sky. The entire dock area was destroyed\, a nd the nearby Monsanto Chemical Company\, grain warehouses\, along with nu merous oil and chemical storage tanks. A chain reaction of smaller explosi ons and fires were triggered by flaming\, flying debris. Over 1\,000 resid ences were damaged or destroyed by the initial explosion.\nThe explosion h ad killed twenty-six Texas City firemen and destroyed all of the city’s fire-fighting equipment\, including four trucks. The shockwave destroyed b uildings and sent metal shrapnel raining down across the city. The shrapne l ranged in size from a rivet head to a portion of the ship’s structure estimated to weigh 60 tons. Within one-half mile of the epicenter the shra pnel pattern was one ‘missile’ every 2 square feet. Almost all persons in the dock area: firemen\, ships’ crews and spectators were killed. Ad ditionally a wave of water at least fifteen feet tall swept inland groundi ng the Longhorn II\, a 150ft steel barge\, on land. The water then carried debris and many dead and injured persons back to sea\, where most perishe d. The large number of injured quickly overwhelmed the three medical clini cs. Texas City had no hospital. Within the hour doctors\, nurses and ambul ances began arriving on their own initiative from Galveston\, surrounding cities and nearby military bases\, until almost 4\,000 workers were presen t\; to establish temporary hospitals\, morgues\, and shelters.\nThe force of the SS Grandcamp explosion tore the SS High Flyer\, in dock for repairs \, from its moorings and wedged it against another cargo vessel\, the SS W ilson B. Keene. The ship was loaded with sulfur and a thousand tons of amm onium nitrate fertilizer. The SS High Flyer caught fire but given the conf used situation it was some time before the danger was realized. Not until 11:00pm were tugs dispatched from Galveston to tow the burning ship away f rom the docks. They were unable to free the ship. So by 1:00am on 17 April \, with flames pouring from the SS High Flyer holds\, the tugs cut their t ow lines and retreated. Ten minutes later the ship exploded—further deva stating the waterfront facilities and starting new fires among the petrole um storage tank farms. The explosion sent metal shards in a 6\,000 foot ci rcle. However\, casualties were light since the area had largely been evac uated prior to the explosion.\nThe SS Grandcamp’s explosion caused the w orst industrial disaster in United States history. The precise number of d ead was impossible to establish given the power of the explosions\, confus ion\, and commuter nature of many dock workers. The anchor monument record s 576 persons killed\, of whom 398 were identified\, while 178 are listed as missing.3 Most bodies were never recovered and 63 bodies were buried un identified. The number of injured is generally estimated at around 3\,500\ , which roughly equaled 25 percent of Texas City’s estimated population of 16\,000. In the 1947 the property loss amounted to about $100 million a long with 1.5 million barrels of petroleum products consumed in the flames of the disaster valued at about $500 million. The port’s bulk cargo-han dling operations never resumed. One-third of the town’s 1\,519 houses we re condemned\, leaving an estimated 2\,000 people homeless. The various in surance companies paid out around $50 million in claims. Within six months most of the homes were repaired or rebuilt. The people of Texas City reco vered quickly as well and committed themselves to rebuilding their town. A id donations from individuals and companies eventually totaled $1\,063\,00 0 providing an incalculable boost to public morale and the economic existe nce of the town. Most companies made immediate commitments to rebuild or i n some cases even expand their operations.4 Edgar Queeny\, the chairman of Monsanto\, came to Texas City on the 18th of April to announce that a new and expanded plant would be built on the site of the destroyed original. The Monsanto plant\, along with the bulk of the petrochemical industry\, w as rebuilt in just over a year. Republic Oil launched plans to increase re fining capacity from 93\,000 to 130\,000 barrels daily.\nThe Coast Guard a nd Federal investigations publicized the dangers of ammonium nitrate ferti lizer\, which inspired new regulations designed to increase the safety of transporting hazardous materials. Colonel Homer P. Garrison\, director of the Texas Department of Public Safety\, noted the lack of emergency plans and organization capable of assisting communities that were disaster areas . He recommended that authorities establish major disaster plans and creat e control centers to manage response during a disaster. The Federal Civil Defense Act (1950) and Texas’s Civil Protection Act (1951) allowed the g overnor to establish Defense and Disaster Relief Councils—bringing toget her state government and non-government agencies. The Texas City disaster provided impetuous to begin establishing basic response plans to industria l disasters end to improvements in safety procedures.\n\nhttp://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=KM7zRSxt584\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Texas Fertilzer Plant Explosion West\, TX (2013) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260417T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260418T040000Z UID:128283874119 DESCRIPTION:http://www.firerescue1.com/fire-ems/articles/1433721-3-to-5-vo lunteer-firefighters-believed-dead-at-Texas-blast/ LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Great San Fransico Earth Quake\, San Fransisco\, CA (1906) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260418T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260419T040000Z UID:236812352051 DESCRIPTION:At 5:13 a.m.\, an earthquake estimated at close to 8.0 on the Richter scale strikes San Francisco\, California\, killing hundreds of peo ple as it topples numerous buildings. The quake was caused by a slip of th e San Andreas Fault over a segment about 275 miles long\, and shock waves could be felt from southern Oregon down to Los Angeles.\nSan Francisco's b rick buildings and wooden Victorian structures were especially devastated. Fires immediately broke out and--because broken water mains prevented fir efighters from stopping them--firestorms soon developed citywide. At 7 a.m .\, U.S. Army troops from Fort Mason reported to the Hall of Justice\, and San Francisco Mayor E.E. Schmitz called for the enforcement of a dusk-to- dawn curfew and authorized soldiers to shoot-to-kill anyone found looting. Meanwhile\, in the face of significant aftershocks\, firefighters and U.S . troops fought desperately to control the ongoing fire\, often dynamiting whole city blocks to create firewalls. On April 20\, 20\,000 refugees tra pped by the massive fire were evacuated from the foot of Van Ness Avenue o nto the USS Chicago.\nBy April 23\, most fires were extinguished\, and aut horities commenced the task of rebuilding the devastated metropolis. It wa s estimated that some 3\,000 people died as a result of the Great San Fran cisco Earthquake and the devastating fires it inflicted upon the city. Alm ost 30\,000 buildings were destroyed\, including most of the city's homes and nearly all the central business district.\n\nhttp://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=xtcf_eh3u_4&feature=fvwrel\n\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Bombing\, Oklahoma City\, OK (19 95) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260419T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260420T040000Z UID:298702584026 DESCRIPTION:Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Bombing\, Oklahoma City\, OK \nOn April 19\, 1993\, the standoff between the FBI and the Branch Davidi an cult (led by David Koresh) at the Davidian compound in Waco\, Texas end ed in a fiery tragedy. When the FBI tried to end the standoff by gassing t he complex\, the entire compound went up in fire\, claiming the lives of 7 5 followers\, including many young children. The death toll was high and m any people blamed the U.S. government for the tragedy. One such person was Timothy McVeigh.\nMcVeigh\, angered by the Waco tragedy\, decided to enac t retribution to those he felt responsible -- the federal government\, esp ecially the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol\, Tobacco\, and Firearms (ATF). In downtown Oklahoma City\, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building held num erous federal agency offices\, including those of the ATF.\nPlanning his r evenge for the second anniversary of the Waco disaster\, McVeigh enlisted his friend Terry Nichols and several others to help him pull off his plan. In September 1994\, McVeigh purchased large amounts of fertilizer (ammoni um nitrate) and then stored it in a rented shed in Herington\, Kansas. The ammonium nitrate was the main ingredient for the bomb. McVeigh and Nichol s stole other supplies needed to complete the bomb from a quarry in Marion \, Kansas.\nOn April 17\, 1995\, McVeigh rented a Ryder truck and then McV eigh and Nichols loaded the Ryder truck with approximately 5\,000 pounds o f ammonium nitrate fertilizer. On the morning of April 19th\, McVeigh drov e the Ryder truck to the Murrah Federal Building\, lit the bomb's fuse\, p arked in front of the building\, left the keys inside the truck and locked the door\, then walked across the parking lot to an alley\, then started to jog.\nOn the morning of April 19\, 1995\, most employees of the Murrah Federal Building had already arrived at work and children had already been dropped off at the daycare center when the huge explosion tore through th e building at 9:02 a.m. Nearly the entire north face of the 9-story buildi ng was pulverized into dust and rubble.\nIn took weeks of sorting through debris to find the victims. In all\, 168 people were killed in the explosi on\, which included 19 children. One nurse was also killed during the resc ue operation.\nNinety minutes after the explosion\, McVeigh was pulled ove r by a highway patrol officer for driving without a license plate but when the officer discovered that McVeigh had an unregistered gun\, he arrested him on a firearms charge. Before McVeigh was released\, his ties to the e xplosion were discovered. Unfortunately for McVeigh\, almost all his purch ases and rental agreements related to the bombing could be traced back to him after the explosion. On June 3\, 1997\, McVeigh was convicted of murde r and conspiracy and on August 15\, 1997 he was sentenced to death by leth al injection. On June 11\, 2001\, McVeigh was executed.\nNichols was broug ht in for questioning two days after the blast and then arrested for his r ole in McVeigh's plan. On December 24\, 1997\, a federal jury found Nichol s guilty and on June 5\, 1998 Nichols was sentenced to life in prison. In March 2004\, Nichols went on trial for murder charges by the state of Okla homa.\nA third accomplice\, Michael Fortier\, who testified against McVeig h and Nichols\, received a 12-year prison sentence and was fined $200\,000 on May 27\, 1998 for knowing about the plan but not informing authorities before the explosion.\nWhat little remained of the Murrah Federal Buildin g was demolished on May 23\, 1995. In 2000\, a memorial was built on the l ocation to remember the tragedy of the Oklahoma City Bombing.\n\nhttp://ww w.youtube.com/watch?v=VMrYeMTXifc&feature=related\n\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:State of OH Penitentiary Fire\, Columbus\, OH (1930) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260421T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260422T040000Z UID:208338720375 DESCRIPTION:A fire at an Ohio prison kills 320 inmates\, some of whom burn to death when they are not unlocked from their cells. It is one of the wo rst prison disasters in American history.\nThe Ohio State Penitentiary was built in Columbus in 1834. Throughout its history\, it had a poor reputat ion. A cholera epidemic swept through the facility in 1849\, killing 121 c onvicts. In 1893\, a prison superintendent wrote that Ten thousand pages o f history of the Ohio Penitentiary would [not] give one idea of the inward wretchedness of its 1\,900 inmates. The unwritten history is known only b y God himself.\nThe prison\, built to hold 1\,500 people\, was almost alwa ys overcrowded and notorious for its poor conditions. At the time of the 1 930 fire\, there were 4\,300 prisoners living in the jail. Construction cr ews were working on an expansion and scaffolding was set up along one side of the building. On the night of April 21\, a fire broke out on the scaff olding.\nThe cell block adjacent to the scaffolding housed 800 prisoners\, most of whom were already locked in for the night. The inmates begged to be let out of their cells as smoke filled the cell block. However\, most r eports claim that the guards not only refused to unlock the cells\, they c ontinued to lock up other prisoners. Meanwhile\, the fire spread to the ro of\, endangering the inmates on the prison's upper level as well.\nFinally \, two prisoners forcibly took the keys from a guard and began their own r escue efforts. Approximately 50 inmates made it out of their cells before the heavy smoke stopped the impromptu evacuation. The roof then caved in o n the upper cells. About 160 prisoners burned to death.\nAlthough some gua rds did work to save the lives of their charges\, the seemingly willful in difference displayed by other guards led to a general riot. Firefighters i nitially could not get access to the fire because angry prisoners were pel ting them with rocks. By the time the fire was controlled\, 320 people wer e dead and another 130 were seriously injured.\nThe tragedy was roundly co ndemned in the press as preventable. It also led to the repeal of laws on minimum sentences that had in part caused the overcrowding of the prison. The Ohio Parole Board was established in 1931 and within the next year mor e than 2\,300 prisoners from the Ohio Penitentiary had been released on pa role.\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QXv5rt2qVE\n\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR