BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//chikkutakku.com//RDFCal 1.0//EN X-WR-CALDESC:GoogleカレンダーやiCalendar形式情報を共有シェ アしましょう。近所のイベントから全国のイベントま で今日のイベント検索やスケジュールを決めるならち っくたっく X-WR-CALNAME:ちっくたっく X-WR-TIMEZONE:UTC BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The New London (TX) school explosion (1937) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260318T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260319T040000Z UID:132773183275 DESCRIPTION:The New London School Explosion took place in 1937 in New Lond on\, Texas\, as the result of an undetected natural gas leak. The gas accu mulated in a crawl space under the school and filtered through the buildin g until it made contact with an electrical source\, igniting an explosion that collapsed the structure. Estimated fatalities range from 296-319\, ma king it the worst school disaster in U.S. history.\nNatural gas is difficu lt to detect because it is invisible and odorless\, but\, had the leak bee n discovered soon after it began\, the explosion could have been prevented . For this reason\, Texas mandated adding mercaptans to natural gas to mak e it odorous\, and make leaks detectable. This soon became standard practi ce worldwide.\n\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKt01p3DJRw\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Oscar Armstrong LODD Cincinnati\, OH (2003) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260321T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260322T040000Z UID:272917982372 DESCRIPTION:Firefighter Armstrong and the members of his fire company resp onded to the report of a fire in a 2-story residence. The first fire depar tment unit on the scene\, a command officer\, reported a working fire. Fir efighter Armstrong assisted with the deployment of a 350-foot 1-3/4 inch h andline to the front door of the residence. Once the door was forced open\ , firefighters advanced to the interior. The handline was dry as firefight ers advanced\; the hose had become tangled in a bush. As the line was stra ightened and water began to flow to the nozzle\, a flashover occurred. The firefighters on the handline left the building and were assisted by other firefighters on the front porch of the residence. All firefighters were o rdered from the building\, air horns were sounded to signal a move from of fensive to defensive operations. Several firefighters saw Firefighter Arms trong trapped in the interior by rapid fire progress. These firefighters a dvanced handlines to the interior and removed Firefighter Armstrong. A rap id intervention team assisted with the rescue. Firefighter Armstrong was s everely burned. He was transported by fire department ambulance to the hos pital where he later died. The Cincinnati Fire Department prepared a death investigation preliminary report related to this incident. The report is available at the fire department web site for download. The origin of the fire was determined to be a pan of oil on the stove. Cincinnati Fire Depar tment web site - www.cincyfire.com\n\nhttps://apps.usfa.fema.gov/firefight er-fatalities/fatalityData/detail?fatalityId=1394\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Triangle Shirtwaist Fire NY\, NY (1911) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260325T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260326T040000Z UID:224926370789 DESCRIPTION:The Triangle factory\, owned by Max Blanck and Isaac Harris\, was located in the top three floors of the Asch Building\, on the corner o f Greene Street and Washington Place\, in Manhattan. It was a true sweatsh op\, employing young immigrant women who worked in a cramped space at line s of sewing machines. Nearly all the workers were teenaged girls who did n ot speak English\, working 12 hours a day\, every day. In 1911\, there wer e four elevators with access to the factory floors\, but only one was full y operational and the workers had to file down a long\, narrow corridor in order to reach it. There were two stairways down to the street\, but one was locked from the outside to prevent stealing and the other only opened inward. The fire escape was so narrow that it would have taken hours for a ll the workers to use it\, even in the best of circumstances.\nThe danger of fire in factories like the Triangle Shirtwaist was well-known\, but hig h levels of corruption in both the garment industry and city government ge nerally ensured that no useful precautions were taken to prevent fires. Bl anck and Harris already had a suspicious history of factory fires. The Tri angle factory was twice scorched in 1902\, while their Diamond Waist Compa ny factory burned twice\, in 1907 and in 1910. It seems that Blanck and Ha rris deliberately torched their workplaces before business hours in order to collect on the large fire-insurance policies they purchased\, a not unc ommon practice in the early 20th century. While this was not the cause of the 1911 fire\, it contributed to the tragedy\, as Blanck and Harris refus ed to install sprinkler systems and take other safety measures in case the y needed to burn down their shops again.\nAdded to this delinquency were B lanck and Harris' notorious anti-worker policies. Their employees were pai d a mere $15 a week\, despite working 12 hours a day\, every day. When the International Ladies Garment Workers Union led a strike in 1909 demanding higher pay and shorter and more predictable hours\, Blanck and Harris' co mpany was one of the few manufacturers who resisted\, hiring police as thu gs to imprison the striking women\, and paying off politicians to look the other way.\nOn March 25\, a Saturday afternoon\, there were 600 workers a t the factory when a fire began in a rag bin. The manager attempted to use the fire hose to extinguish it\, but was unsuccessful\, as the hose was r otted and its valve was rusted shut. As the fire grew\, panic ensued. The young workers tried to exit the building by the elevator but it could hold only 12 people and the operator was able to make just four trips back and forth before it broke down amid the heat and flames. In a desperate attem pt to escape the fire\, the girls left behind waiting for the elevator plu nged down the shaft to their deaths. The girls who fled via the stairwells also met awful demises–when they found a locked door at the bottom of t he stairs\, many were burned alive.\nThose workers who were on floors abov e the fire\, including the owners\, escaped to the roof and then to adjoin ing buildings. As firefighters arrived\, they witnessed a horrible scene. The girls who did not make it to the stairwells or the elevator were trapp ed by the fire inside the factory and began to jump from the windows to es cape it. The bodies of the jumpers fell on the fire hoses\, making it diff icult to begin fighting the fire. Also\, the firefighters ladders reached only seven floors high and the fire was on the eighth floor. In one case\, a life net was unfurled to catch jumpers\, but three girls jumped at the same time\, ripping the net. The nets turned out to be mostly ineffectual. \nWithin 18 minutes\, it was all over. Forty-nine workers had burned to de ath or been suffocated by smoke\, 36 were dead in the elevator shaft and 5 8 died from jumping to the sidewalks. With two more dying later from their injuries\, a total of 145 people were killed by the fire. The workers uni on set up a march on April 5 on New York's Fifth Avenue to protest the con ditions that had led to the fire\; it was attended by 80\,000 people.\nDes pite a good deal of evidence that the owners and management had been horri bly negligent in the fire\, a grand jury failed to indict them on manslaug hter charges. Still\, the massacre for which they were responsible did fin ally compel the city to enact reform. In addition to the Sullivan-Hoey Fir e Prevention Law passed that October\, the New York Democratic set took up the cause of the worker and became known as a reform party. Both were cru cial in preventing similar disasters in the future.\n\nhttp://www.youtube. com/watch?v=gKdMuVu1wi8\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Happy Land Social Club Fire NY\, NY (1990) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260325T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260326T040000Z UID:864641175781 DESCRIPTION:Before the blaze\, Happy Land was ordered closed for building code violations in November 1988. Violations included no fire exits\, alar ms or sprinkler system. No follow-up by the fire department was documented .[2]\nThe evening of the fire\, González had argued with his former girlf riend\, Lydia Feliciano\, a coat check girl at the club\, urging her to qu it. She claimed that she had had enough of him and wanted nothing to do wi th him anymore. González tried to fight back into the club but was ejecte d by the bouncer. He was heard to scream drunken threats in the process. G onzález was enraged\, not just because of losing Lydia\, but also because he had recently lost his job at a lamp factory\, was impoverished\, and h ad virtually no companions.[citation needed] González returned to the est ablishment with a plastic container of gasoline which he found on the grou nd and had filled at a gas station. He spread the fuel on the only stairca se into the club. Two matches were then used to ignite the gasoline.[citat ion needed]\nThe fire exits had been blocked to prevent people from enteri ng without paying the cover charge. In the panic that ensued\, a few peopl e escaped by breaking a metal gate over one door.[citation needed]\nGonzá lez then returned home\, took off his gasoline-soaked clothes and fell asl eep. He was arrested the following afternoon after authorities interviewed Lydia Feliciano and learned of the previous night's argument. Once advise d of his rights\, he admitted to starting the blaze. A psychological exami nation found him to be not responsible due to mental illness or defect\;[c itation needed] but the jury\, after deliberation\, found him to be crimin ally responsible.\n[edit]\nAftermath\nFound guilty on August 19\, 1991\, o f 87 counts of arson and 87 counts of murder\, González was charged with 174 counts of murder—two for each victim. For each count he received the sentence maximum of 25 years to life (a total of 4\,350 years). It was th e most substantial prison term ever imposed in the state of New York. He w ill be eligible for parole in March 2015 because New York law states that multiple murders occurring during one act will be served concurrently\, ra ther than consecutively.[3]\nThe building that housed Happy Land club was managed in part by Jay Weiss\, at the time the husband of actress Kathleen Turner.[4] The New Yorker quoted Turner saying that "the fire was unfortu nate but could have happened at a McDonald's."[5] The building's owner\, A lex DiLorenzo\, and leaseholders Weiss and Morris Jaffe\, were found not c riminally responsible\, since they had tried to close the club and evict t he tenant.[6]\nThe street outside the former Happy Land social club (which was located on the northwest corner of Southern Boulevard and East Tremon t Avenue in the Bronx) has been renamed "The Plaza of the Eighty-Seven" as a way of memorializing the victims. Five of the victims were students at nearby Theodore Roosevelt High School\, which held a memorial service for the victims in April 1990. A memorial was erected directly across the stre et from the former establishment with the names of all 87 victims enscribe d on it.\nThe arson was the subject of the Duran Duran song\, "Sin of the City" (where the song lyrics say 89 people died\, when in fact it was 87)\ , a Joe Jackson song\, "Happyland"\, and Tom Russell's song "A Dollar's Wo rth of Gasoline" from his Hurricane Season CD. It was also mentioned in th e Jay-Z song\, "You\, Me\, Him\, and Her." A fictionalized version of the arson\, where it was an arson intended to intimidate the Latino community\ , was featured on Law & Order.\nHappy Land Social Club Fire NY\, NY (1990) \nScheduled: Mar 25\, 2014\nBefore the blaze\, Happy Land was ordered clos ed for building code violations in November 1988. Violations included no f ire exits\, alarms or sprinkler system. No follow-up by the fire departmen t was documented.[2]\nThe evening of the fire\, González had argued with his former girlfriend\, Lydia Feliciano\, a coat check girl at the club\, urging her to quit. She claimed that she had had enough of him and wanted nothing to do with him anymore. González tried to fight back into the clu b but was ejected by the bouncer. He was heard to scream drunken threats i n the process. González was enraged\, not just because of losing Lydia\, but also because he had recently lost his job at a lamp factory\, was impo verished\, and had virtually no companions.[citation needed] González ret urned to the establishment with a plastic container of gasoline which he f ound on the ground and had filled at a gas station. He spread the fuel on the only staircase into the club. Two matches were then used to ignite the gasoline.[citation needed]\nThe fire exits had been blocked to prevent pe ople from entering without paying the cover charge. In the panic that ensu ed\, a few people escaped by breaking a metal gate over one door.[citation needed]\nGonzález then returned home\, took off his gasoline-soaked clot hes and fell asleep. He was arrested the following afternoon after authori ties interviewed Lydia Feliciano and learned of the previous night's argum ent. Once advised of his rights\, he admitted to starting the blaze. A psy chological examination found him to be not responsible due to mental illne ss or defect\;[citation needed] but the jury\, after deliberation\, found him to be criminally responsible.\n[edit]\nAftermath\nFound guilty on Augu st 19\, 1991\, of 87 counts of arson and 87 counts of murder\, González w as charged with 174 counts of murder—two for each victim. For each count he received the sentence maximum of 25 years to life (a total of 4\,350 y ears). It was the most substantial prison term ever imposed in the state o f New York. He will be eligible for parole in March 2015 because New York law states that multiple murders occurring during one act will be served c oncurrently\, rather than consecutively.[3]\nThe building that housed Happ y Land club was managed in part by Jay Weiss\, at the time the husband of actress Kathleen Turner.[4] The New Yorker quoted Turner saying that "the fire was unfortunate but could have happened at a McDonald's."[5] The buil ding's owner\, Alex DiLorenzo\, and leaseholders Weiss and Morris Jaffe\, were found not criminally responsible\, since they had tried to close the club and evict the tenant.[6]\nThe street outside the former Happy Land so cial club (which was located on the northwest corner of Southern Boulevard and East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx) has been renamed "The Plaza of the Eighty-Seven" as a way of memorializing the victims. Five of the victims w ere students at nearby Theodore Roosevelt High School\, which held a memor ial service for the victims in April 1990. A memorial was erected directly across the street from the former establishment with the names of all 87 victims enscribed on it.\nThe arson was the subject of the Duran Duran son g\, "Sin of the City" (where the song lyrics say 89 people died\, when in fact it was 87)\, a Joe Jackson song\, "Happyland"\, and Tom Russell's son g "A Dollar's Worth of Gasoline" from his Hurricane Season CD. It was also mentioned in the Jay-Z song\, "You\, Me\, Him\, and Her." A fictionalized version of the arson\, where it was an arson intended to intimidate the L atino community\, was featured on Law & Order.\n\nhttp://www.fireengineeri ng.com/articles/print/volume-154/issue-8/features/happy-land-fire-have-we- learned-the-lessons.html\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:6020 DAHLGREN STREET Cincinnati LODD Daryl Gordon DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260326T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260327T040000Z UID:641428015901 DESCRIPTION:March 26\, 2015\, FAO Daryl Gordon died after falling down an unsecured elevator shaft. The FAO was assigned to Heavy Rescue 14\, which responded on the second alarm to a working fire on the second floor of a f ive-story residential apartment building. The four-person Heavy Rescue 14 was assigned to search for occupants on the fifth floor. The crew advanced to the fifth floor and began searching apartments. The FAO was the last H eavy Rescue 14 crew member to enter the fifth floor and became separated f rom the rest of his crew. Visibility was limited to about five feet becaus e of moderate smoke. The floor had a centrally located hallway providing a ccess to eight residential apartments. A hydraulic elevator located near t he center of the building provided access to each floor. The elevator was accessible on each floor by an outward-swinging metal door that included a locking mechanism at the top left corner designed to keep the door closed until the elevator car reached that floor. The locking mechanism on the f ifth floor was not functioning properly on this date.\n \nThree members of Heavy Rescue 14 observed that the door could be easily opened. They repor ted this finding to the search and rescue operations chief (District Chief 3) who was on the fifth floor. A fire fighter used a permanent marker to write “Do Not Enter. Open Shaft” on the elevator door. A short time la ter\, the FAO\, believed to be looking for his crew\, opened the elevator door and fell approximately 24 feet down the elevator shaft\, striking the top rear edge of the elevator car and became stuck between the rear of th e elevator car and the elevator shaft wall. The acting officer on Heavy Re scue 14 radioed a Mayday after realizing the FAO had fallen down the eleva tor shaft. Extrication efforts took approximately 14 minutes from the time of the Mayday. The FAO was pronounced dead at a local hospital. Three fir efighters received minor injuries extinguishing the fire. The fire departm ent successfully rescued 21 civilian occupants from their apartments durin g the incident.\n\nhttps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/pdfs/face201506.pdf\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Back Bay Blaze-Beacon St Fire-Boston (2014) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260326T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260327T040000Z UID:105165985753 DESCRIPTION:March 26\, 2014 \nLieutenant Edward J. Walsh\, 43 Engine 33\nFirefighter Michael R. Kennedy\, 33 Ladder 15\n\n The y died from injuries they received in the performance of their duties whil e operating at Box 1579\, 9 alarms. Both were in the basement and became t rapped when the fire cut off their exits. Other members made valiant effor ts to rescue them but were driven back. Fire in a 4/5 story Brownstone at 298 Beacon Street\, Back Bay on a very windy afternoon. Lieutenant Walsh had just under 13 years of service and Firefighter Kennedy had just under 7 years of service. May they both RIP.\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6R bnKWpzMCE\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Salaried Fire Department Established Cincinnati\, OH (1853) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260401T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260402T040000Z UID:965685642135 DESCRIPTION:By the 1700s\, independent volunteer fire companies began rece iving payment for their services from the insurance company or the propert y owner. Property owners displayed fire markers outside the building to in dicate that they were insured\; in some cases\, no marker meant no effort would be made to fight the fire. In other cases\, only the first arriving companies got paid\, which led to fierce competition. Volunteers sabotaged each other's equipment and fought off later-arriving companies\, often us ing fire-fighting equipment as weapons. Often\, the building burned down w hile the firemen brawled.\nFire Department Orgination.\nEarly in 1853 the Cincinnati\, Ohio\, Fire Department Committee formulated a plan that would entirely change the way fires were fought in America. To end the frequent ly violent competition between companies\, the plan called for full-time\, paid city employees to fight fires using a horse-drawn steam engine. The steam pumper would allow four or five men to spray more water on a fire th an hundreds of volunteers using hand pumpers. The City Council on 16 March 1853 authorized the plan and the creation of a Fire Department\, effectiv e 1 April.\n\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Colerain Fire DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260404T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260405T040000Z UID:250209181321 DESCRIPTION:On Friday\, April 4\, 2008\, Captain Robin Broxterman\, 37-yea rs-old\, a 17-year veteran career firefighter and paramedic\, and Firefigh ter Brian Schira\, 29-years-old\, a six-month probationary\, part-time fir efighter and Emergency Medical Technician with Colerain Township (Ohio) Fi re & EMS died in the Line of Duty after the floor they were on collapsed i nto the burning basement at that dwelling fire. Critical findings are comp leting a 360. There was a walk-out basement.\n\nhttp://m.fox19.com/story/ 37875881/colerain-remembers-two-fallen-firefighters\n\nhttp://www.colerain .org/department/fire/lodd/\n\nhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/reports/face20 0809.html\n\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Grandcamp Plant Explosion Texas City\, TX (1947) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260416T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260417T040000Z UID:100829745195 DESCRIPTION:Texas City\, on the southwestern shore of Galveston Bay seven miles from Galveston and eleven miles from the Gulf of Mexico in Galveston County\, is a deepwater port on the mainland. Texas City became the site of the worst industrial catastrophe in United States history. When two Lib erty merchant ships\, the SS Grandcamp and SS High Flyer\, carrying ammoni um nitrate fertilizer exploded on the 16 and 17 April 1947.\nOn the mornin g of 16 April 1947\, just before 8:00am\, longshoremen removed the hatch c overs on Hold 4 of the French Liberty ship SS Grandcamp to finish loading a cargo of ammonium nitrate fertilizer\; some 2\,300 tons were already on board\, 880 of which were in the lower part of Hold 4.1 Shortly thereafter smoke was reported and began to billow from the hold\; the longshoreman w ere ordered out of the hold after their attempts to extinguish the fire fa iled. The first officer ordered that no water be used to fight the fire\, although the ship’s fire hoses were available and the ship’s fire pump was operating. Instead the first officer ordered steam introduced into th e hold in an attempt to smother the fire.2 By 8:30am the pressure from the compressed steam blew off the hatch covers\, and a thick column of orange smoke billowed out. The smoke and fire began to attract onlookers and the fire department was called. The twenty-eight men of the Texas City Fire D epartment arrived and began fighting the fire. At about 9:00am flames spew ed from the open hatches\; at 9:12am the SS Grandcamp detonated in a massi ve explosion felt a hundred miles away at Port Arthur. Massive clouds of b lack smoke mushroomed into the sky. The entire dock area was destroyed\, a nd the nearby Monsanto Chemical Company\, grain warehouses\, along with nu merous oil and chemical storage tanks. A chain reaction of smaller explosi ons and fires were triggered by flaming\, flying debris. Over 1\,000 resid ences were damaged or destroyed by the initial explosion.\nThe explosion h ad killed twenty-six Texas City firemen and destroyed all of the city’s fire-fighting equipment\, including four trucks. The shockwave destroyed b uildings and sent metal shrapnel raining down across the city. The shrapne l ranged in size from a rivet head to a portion of the ship’s structure estimated to weigh 60 tons. Within one-half mile of the epicenter the shra pnel pattern was one ‘missile’ every 2 square feet. Almost all persons in the dock area: firemen\, ships’ crews and spectators were killed. Ad ditionally a wave of water at least fifteen feet tall swept inland groundi ng the Longhorn II\, a 150ft steel barge\, on land. The water then carried debris and many dead and injured persons back to sea\, where most perishe d. The large number of injured quickly overwhelmed the three medical clini cs. Texas City had no hospital. Within the hour doctors\, nurses and ambul ances began arriving on their own initiative from Galveston\, surrounding cities and nearby military bases\, until almost 4\,000 workers were presen t\; to establish temporary hospitals\, morgues\, and shelters.\nThe force of the SS Grandcamp explosion tore the SS High Flyer\, in dock for repairs \, from its moorings and wedged it against another cargo vessel\, the SS W ilson B. Keene. The ship was loaded with sulfur and a thousand tons of amm onium nitrate fertilizer. The SS High Flyer caught fire but given the conf used situation it was some time before the danger was realized. Not until 11:00pm were tugs dispatched from Galveston to tow the burning ship away f rom the docks. They were unable to free the ship. So by 1:00am on 17 April \, with flames pouring from the SS High Flyer holds\, the tugs cut their t ow lines and retreated. Ten minutes later the ship exploded—further deva stating the waterfront facilities and starting new fires among the petrole um storage tank farms. The explosion sent metal shards in a 6\,000 foot ci rcle. However\, casualties were light since the area had largely been evac uated prior to the explosion.\nThe SS Grandcamp’s explosion caused the w orst industrial disaster in United States history. The precise number of d ead was impossible to establish given the power of the explosions\, confus ion\, and commuter nature of many dock workers. The anchor monument record s 576 persons killed\, of whom 398 were identified\, while 178 are listed as missing.3 Most bodies were never recovered and 63 bodies were buried un identified. The number of injured is generally estimated at around 3\,500\ , which roughly equaled 25 percent of Texas City’s estimated population of 16\,000. In the 1947 the property loss amounted to about $100 million a long with 1.5 million barrels of petroleum products consumed in the flames of the disaster valued at about $500 million. The port’s bulk cargo-han dling operations never resumed. One-third of the town’s 1\,519 houses we re condemned\, leaving an estimated 2\,000 people homeless. The various in surance companies paid out around $50 million in claims. Within six months most of the homes were repaired or rebuilt. The people of Texas City reco vered quickly as well and committed themselves to rebuilding their town. A id donations from individuals and companies eventually totaled $1\,063\,00 0 providing an incalculable boost to public morale and the economic existe nce of the town. Most companies made immediate commitments to rebuild or i n some cases even expand their operations.4 Edgar Queeny\, the chairman of Monsanto\, came to Texas City on the 18th of April to announce that a new and expanded plant would be built on the site of the destroyed original. The Monsanto plant\, along with the bulk of the petrochemical industry\, w as rebuilt in just over a year. Republic Oil launched plans to increase re fining capacity from 93\,000 to 130\,000 barrels daily.\nThe Coast Guard a nd Federal investigations publicized the dangers of ammonium nitrate ferti lizer\, which inspired new regulations designed to increase the safety of transporting hazardous materials. Colonel Homer P. Garrison\, director of the Texas Department of Public Safety\, noted the lack of emergency plans and organization capable of assisting communities that were disaster areas . He recommended that authorities establish major disaster plans and creat e control centers to manage response during a disaster. The Federal Civil Defense Act (1950) and Texas’s Civil Protection Act (1951) allowed the g overnor to establish Defense and Disaster Relief Councils—bringing toget her state government and non-government agencies. The Texas City disaster provided impetuous to begin establishing basic response plans to industria l disasters end to improvements in safety procedures.\n\nhttp://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=KM7zRSxt584\n LOCATION: END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Texas Fertilzer Plant Explosion West\, TX (2013) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260417T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260418T040000Z UID:128283874119 DESCRIPTION:http://www.firerescue1.com/fire-ems/articles/1433721-3-to-5-vo lunteer-firefighters-believed-dead-at-Texas-blast/ LOCATION: END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR